A Simultaneous Analysis of the User Safety and Resilience of a Twin-Tube Road Tunnel

This study complements our previous work with a simultaneous analysis of user safety and road tunnel resilience. We developed computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model simulated the corresponding egress process to evaluate risk level users exposed different types fire, such those which might occur on undisrupted lane partially closed tube due traffic accident, or in adjacent when used for two-way case complete closure involved accident. The CFD results showed that: (i) better environmental conditions were found partial rather than one; (ii) additional benefits can be achieved by activating variable message signs (VMSs) that suggest an alternative itinerary heavy good vehicles (HGVs) only; (iii) issues human health may arise only 100 MW occurring during use parallel one traffic. findings simulations subsequently perform quantitative (QRA) based probabilistic approach. QRA consistent obtained resilience analysis. In particular, lowest was instead one, VMSs redirect HGVs towards itinerary. finding correspond higher index (i.e., lower loss accident tube). increases knowledge certain relevant aspects operating tunnels serve as possible reference management agencies (TMAs) their choice most appropriate arrangement recover functionality taking into account both at same time.